Super Saiyan
Super Saiyan is a high-energy form achieved by extremely strong members of the Saiyan race. After a Saiyan has trained to power levels around or exceeding 300,000, and experiences a moment of extreme rage (such as seeing someone murder your best friend), they will transform into a Super Saiyan, pushing their power, speed and strength to even higher levels.
The Super Saiyan form also causes some changes in appearance; their muscles will grow; their hair becomes blonde and stands up straighter; their eyes turn blue; and they are surrounded by an unmistakeable golden aura of energy.
The legend of Super Saiyans was known across the universe (as the story of the Legendary Super Saiyan); it was Frieza's fear of them that led to him destroying Planet Vegeta.
Goku was the first to become a Super Saiyan, but after that it became commonplace. Vegeta achieved the stage after intense training, Gohan achieved it in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber, and it came more or less naturally to Goten, Trunks, and Goku and Vegeta Junior. The future Trunks and Gohan achieved it after moments of rage during their war with the Androids.